CLASSES

Fractionated Heparins (LMWHs)

BOXED WARNING

Dalteparin is contraindicated in patients with active major bleeding. Use dalteparin with extreme caution in patients who have an increased risk of hemorrhage, including those with severe uncontrolled hypertension, bacterial endocarditis, congenital or acquired coagulopathy, such as hemophilia, active peptic ulcer disease, angiodysplastic GI disease, hemorrhagic stroke, or those with recent brain, spinal, or ophthalmological surgery. Dalteparin may increase the risk of bleeding in patients with platelet defects, severe renal or hepatic disease, hypertensive or diabetic retinopathy, and recent GI bleeding. Do not use dalteparin as treatment for unstable angina and non-Q-wave myocardial infarct or for prolonged venous thromboembolism prophylaxis in patients undergoing spinal anesthesia or epidural anesthesia. Spinal or epidural hemorrhage and subsequent hematomas can occur with the use of LMWH and neuraxial (spinal/epidural) anesthesia or spinal puncture. Risk is higher with the use of postoperative indwelling catheters, the concomitant use of additional drugs affecting hemostasis (e.g., NSAIDs, platelet inhibitors, other anticoagulants), with traumatic or repeated epidural or spinal puncture, or in patients with a history of spinal surgery or spinal deformity (e.g., scoliosis). Placement or removal of an epidural catheter or lumbar puncture is best performed when dalteparin's anticoagulant effect is low; however, optimal timing between administration of dalteparin and neuraxial procedures is not known. For patients receiving preoperative thromboprophylaxis, the first postoperative thromboprophylaxis dose should be given 6 to 8 hours postoperatively. Give the second postoperative dose not sooner than 24 hours after the first dose. Delay catheter placement or removal for at least 12 hours after administration of 2,500 International Units once daily, at least 15 hours after administration of 5,000 International Units once daily, and at least 24 hours after administration of higher doses (200 International Units/kg once daily or 120 International Units/kg twice daily). These delays are not a guarantee that neuraxial hematoma will be avoided. Although a specific recommendation for timing of a subsequent dalteparin dose after catheter removal cannot be made, consider delaying this next dose for at least 4 hours. For those with a CrCl less than 30 mL/minute, consider doubling the timing of removal of a catheter, at least 24 hours for the lower prescribed doses (2,500 or 5,000 International Units/day) and at least 48 hours for the higher doses (200 International Units/kg once daily or 120 International Units/kg twice daily). If it is decided to administer anticoagulation in the context of epidural or spinal anesthesia/analgesia or lumbar puncture, monitor the patient frequently for signs and symptoms of neurological impairment (e.g., midline back pain, sensory and motor deficits, bowel or bladder dysfunction). If spinal hematoma is suspected, initiate urgent diagnosis and treatment.

DEA CLASS

Rx

DESCRIPTION

Low molecular weight heparin
Used for DVT prophylaxis, treatment of VTE, and prophylaxis of ischemic complications in unstable angina and non-Q-wave MI
Consists of heparin molecules ranging in size from 2,000 to 9,000 daltons (14% to 26% are more than 8,000 daltons)

COMMON BRAND NAMES

Fragmin

HOW SUPPLIED

Dalteparin Sodium (Porcine)/Fragmin Subcutaneous Inj Sol: 0.2mL, 0.3mL, 0.5mL, 0.6mL, 0.72mL, 1mL, 2500IU, 5000IU, 7500IU, 10000IU, 12500IU, 15000IU, 18000IU, 25000IU

DOSAGE & INDICATIONS

†Indicates off-label use

MAXIMUM DOSAGE

Dalteparin has a narrow therapeutic index, specific for the patient population and indication. The maximum dosage is individualized based on anti-Xa concentrations and assessment of efficacy and safety parameters.

DOSING CONSIDERATIONS

No specific dosage guidelines are available; however, it appears no dosage adjustments are required in patients with hepatic impairment.

CrCl less than 30 mL/minute: FDA-approved labeling recommends monitoring anti-Xa concentrations to determine the appropriate dose in adult cancer patients with severely impaired renal function. Some experts recommend switching to an alternative anticoagulant with lower renal clearance.

ADMINISTRATION

Visually inspect parenteral products for particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration whenever solution and container permit.
The needle shield for the prefilled syringe may contain natural rubber latex; health care workers or patients with a latex hypersensitivity should not handle or administer this product.

STORAGE

Generic:
- Store at controlled room temperature (between 68 and 77 degrees F)
Fragmin:
- Discard product if it contains particulate matter, is cloudy, or discolored
- Store between 68 to 77 degrees F, excursions permitted 59 to 86 degrees F

CONTRAINDICATIONS / PRECAUTIONS

Dalteparin is contraindicated in patients with porcine protein hypersensitivity, dalteparin hypersensitivity, or heparin hypersensitivity. The needle shield for the prefilled syringe may contain natural rubber latex; health care workers or patients with a latex hypersensitivity should not handle or administer this product.

Dalteparin is contraindicated in patients with a history of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) or heparin-induced thrombocytopenia with thrombosis (HITT). Closely monitor for thrombocytopenia of any degree. Although low molecular weight heparins are less likely to trigger formation of HIT antibodies than unfractionated heparin (UFH), LMWHs are just as effective as UFH at triggering platelet activation by HIT antibodies (i.e., LMWHs have essentially 100% in vitro cross-reactivity).

Monitor the anticoagulant effect of dalteparin with anti-Xa concentrations in patients with severe renal disease or renal impairment. Patients with renal disease have a higher risk of hemorrhage during anticoagulant therapy. Dalteparin is eliminated renally; the half-life is prolonged to about 5.7 hours in renal failure patients receiving hemodialysis.

Dalteparin is contraindicated in patients with active major bleeding. Use dalteparin with extreme caution in patients who have an increased risk of hemorrhage, including those with severe uncontrolled hypertension, bacterial endocarditis, congenital or acquired coagulopathy, such as hemophilia, active peptic ulcer disease, angiodysplastic GI disease, hemorrhagic stroke, or those with recent brain, spinal, or ophthalmological surgery. Dalteparin may increase the risk of bleeding in patients with platelet defects, severe renal or hepatic disease, hypertensive or diabetic retinopathy, and recent GI bleeding. Do not use dalteparin as treatment for unstable angina and non-Q-wave myocardial infarct or for prolonged venous thromboembolism prophylaxis in patients undergoing spinal anesthesia or epidural anesthesia. Spinal or epidural hemorrhage and subsequent hematomas can occur with the use of LMWH and neuraxial (spinal/epidural) anesthesia or spinal puncture. Risk is higher with the use of postoperative indwelling catheters, the concomitant use of additional drugs affecting hemostasis (e.g., NSAIDs, platelet inhibitors, other anticoagulants), with traumatic or repeated epidural or spinal puncture, or in patients with a history of spinal surgery or spinal deformity (e.g., scoliosis). Placement or removal of an epidural catheter or lumbar puncture is best performed when dalteparin's anticoagulant effect is low; however, optimal timing between administration of dalteparin and neuraxial procedures is not known. For patients receiving preoperative thromboprophylaxis, the first postoperative thromboprophylaxis dose should be given 6 to 8 hours postoperatively. Give the second postoperative dose not sooner than 24 hours after the first dose. Delay catheter placement or removal for at least 12 hours after administration of 2,500 International Units once daily, at least 15 hours after administration of 5,000 International Units once daily, and at least 24 hours after administration of higher doses (200 International Units/kg once daily or 120 International Units/kg twice daily). These delays are not a guarantee that neuraxial hematoma will be avoided. Although a specific recommendation for timing of a subsequent dalteparin dose after catheter removal cannot be made, consider delaying this next dose for at least 4 hours. For those with a CrCl less than 30 mL/minute, consider doubling the timing of removal of a catheter, at least 24 hours for the lower prescribed doses (2,500 or 5,000 International Units/day) and at least 48 hours for the higher doses (200 International Units/kg once daily or 120 International Units/kg twice daily). If it is decided to administer anticoagulation in the context of epidural or spinal anesthesia/analgesia or lumbar puncture, monitor the patient frequently for signs and symptoms of neurological impairment (e.g., midline back pain, sensory and motor deficits, bowel or bladder dysfunction). If spinal hematoma is suspected, initiate urgent diagnosis and treatment.

No overall differences in efficacy have been identified between older and younger patients during clinical trials of dalteparin. Geriatric patients generally have a higher risk of bleeding associated with anticoagulants. Postmarketing experience has not revealed any differences in the safety profile of dalteparin in elderly patients. The manufacturer advises careful attention to the dosing interval of dalteparin, and concomitant medications (e.g., platelet inhibitors) in elderly patients, especially patients with low body weight (less than 45 kg) and/or reduced renal function.

LMWHs, such as dalteparin, have not been adequately studied for thromboprophylaxis in patients with prosthetic heart valves, including pregnant women, and have not been adequately studied for long-term use in this patient population. Isolated cases of prosthetic heart valve thrombosis have been reported in patients with mechanical prosthetic heart valves who have received LMWHs for thromboprophylaxis. Some of these cases were pregnant women in whom thrombosis led to maternal and fetal deaths. Insufficient data, the underlying disease, and the possibility of inadequate anticoagulation complicate the evaluation of these cases. Regardless, the ACCP recommends the use of LMWHs for thromboprophylaxis in patients with prosthetic heart valves after prosthetic valve insertion or when vitamin K antagonists must be discontinued.

Whenever possible, administer benzyl alcohol-free formulations (prefilled syringes) of dalteparin in pediatric patients. Serious and fatal adverse reactions including "gasping syndrome" can occur in neonates and low-birth-weight infants treated with medications that contain benzyl alcohol as a preservative. The "gasping syndrome" is characterized by central nervous system depression, metabolic acidosis, and gasping respirations. When prescribing dalteparin in infants, consider the combined daily dose of benzyl alcohol from all sources; multidose vials of dalteparin contain benzyl alcohol (14 mg/mL) as a preservative.

Use dalteparin during pregnancy only if clearly needed. If anticoagulation is needed during pregnancy, use preservative-free formulations; the multidose vial of dalteparin contains benzyl alcohol. Data from published literature and postmarketing reports have not reported a clear association between dalteparin and adverse developmental outcomes. In animal reproduction studies, there was no evidence of teratogenicity or embryo-fetal toxicity when dalteparin was administered at doses 2 to 4 times the human dose of 100 International Units/kg based on body surface area. Women with a history of venous thromboembolism in pregnancy are at a higher risk for recurrence during subsequent pregnancies than those with no risk factors. Low molecular heparin (LMWH) requirements may change as pregnancy progresses due to LMWH volume of distribution alterations and glomerular filtration rate increases in the second trimester.

Limited data indicate dalteparin is present in human milk. Small amounts of anti-Xa activity in breast milk were detected in 11 of 15 lactating women receiving prophylactic doses of dalteparin immediately postpartum. This study evaluated colostrum or transitional milk from a single time point during the 24-hour dosing interval; therefore, the clinical relevance of this data is unclear in regards to passage of dalteparin into mature milk and the quantification of drug exposure to the infant over the full dosing period. No adverse effects on breast-fed infants have been reported. There are no data on the effects of dalteparin on milk production. Oral absorption of dalteparin is expected to be low; however, the clinical implications of this small amount of anticoagulant activity on breast-fed infants are not known. Consider the developmental and health benefits of breast-feeding along with the mother's clinical need for dalteparin and any adverse effects on the breast-fed infant from dalteparin or the underlying maternal condition.

ADVERSE REACTIONS

GI bleeding / Delayed / 0.3-0.3
intracranial bleeding / Delayed / Incidence not known
spinal hematoma / Delayed / Incidence not known
anaphylactoid reactions / Rapid / Incidence not known
thrombosis / Delayed / Incidence not known
skin necrosis / Early / Incidence not known

thrombocytopenia / Delayed / 0-37.0
bleeding / Early / 0-13.6
elevated hepatic enzymes / Delayed / 4.2-9.5
hematoma / Early / 0-7.1
subdural hematoma / Early / Incidence not known
hematuria / Delayed / Incidence not known
bullous rash / Early / Incidence not known
osteoporosis / Delayed / Incidence not known

ecchymosis / Delayed / 30.0-30.0
epistaxis / Delayed / 10.0-10.0
rash / Early / Incidence not known
pruritus / Rapid / Incidence not known
injection site reaction / Rapid / Incidence not known
fever / Early / Incidence not known
alopecia / Delayed / Incidence not known

DRUG INTERACTIONS

5-Aminosalicylates: (Moderate) Coadministration of 5-aminosalicylates and low molecular weight heparins may result in an increased risk of bleeding (i.e., hematomas) following neuraxial anesthesia. Discontinue 5-aminosalicylates prior to the initiation of a low molecular weight heparins. If this is not possible, it is recommended to monitor patients closely for bleeding.
Abciximab: (Moderate) The use of abciximab within 7 days of use an oral anticoagulant is contraindicated unless the patient's prothrombin time is less than or equal to 1.2 times the control value. Because abciximab inhibits platelet aggregation, additive effects may be seen when abciximab is given in combination with other agents that affect hemostasis such as other platelet inhibitors (e.g. aspirin, ASA, clopidogrel, dipyridamole, ticlopidine), thrombolytic agents (e.g. alteplase, reteplase, streptokinase), and anticoagulants (e.g., heparin, warfarin). However, in clinical trials with abciximab, aspirin and heparin were administered concomitantly. The bleeding risk is significantly increased with concurrent abciximab and thrombolytic therapy; the risks of combination therapy should be weighed against the potential benefits. The GUSTO V study evaluated reduced-dose reteplase in combination with full dose abciximab, in comparison to full dose reteplase alone in patients with acute myocardial infarction (MI); all patients received concurrent aspirin and heparin therapy. The combination regimen was associated with a two-fold increase in moderate to severe non-intracranial bleeding complications, including spontaneous GI bleeding. In addition, large doses of salicylates (>= 3 to 4 g/day) can cause hypoprothrombinemia, an additional risk factor for bleeding. Although NSAIDs lacks platelet inhibitory effects, an increased risk for GI bleeding is possible when NSAIDs are administered during abciximab therapy.
Ado-Trastuzumab emtansine: (Moderate) Use caution if coadministration of anticoagulants with ado-trastuzumab emtansine is necessary due to reports of severe and sometimes fatal hemorrhage, including intracranial bleeding, with ado-trastuzumab emtansine therapy. Consider additional monitoring when concomitant use is medically necessary. While some patients who experienced bleeding during ado-trastuzumab therapy were also receiving anticoagulation therapy, others had no known additional risk factors.
Alteplase: (Moderate) An additive risk of bleeding may be seen in patients receiving dalteparin in combination with other agents known to increase the risk of bleeding such thrombolytic agents. Monitor clinical and laboratory response closely during concurrent use.
Altretamine: (Moderate) Due to the thrombocytopenic effects of altretamine, an additive risk of bleeding may be seen in patients receiving concomitant anticoagulants.
Amlodipine; Celecoxib: (Moderate) An additive risk of bleeding may be seen in patients receiving anticoagulants in combination with other agents known to increase the risk of bleeding such as nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Monitor clinical and laboratory response closely during concurrent use.
Anagrelide: (Moderate) Although anagrelide inhibits platelet aggregation at high doses, there is a potential additive risk for bleeding if anagrelide is given in combination with other agents that effect hemostasis such as other anticoagulants. In addition, large doses of salicylates (>= 3 to 4 g/day) can cause hypoprothrombinemia, an additional risk factor for bleeding. An in vivo interaction study in humans demonstrated that a single 1 mg dose of anagrelide administered concomitantly with a single dose of aspirin 900 mg was well tolerated; there was no effect on bleeding time, PT, or PTT. However, aspirin alone produced a marked inhibition of platelet aggregation ex vivo; anagrelide enhanced the platelet inhibition effects of aspirin slightly. Patients may be at increased risk of bleeding if anagrelide is administered with aspirin.
Antithrombin III: (Major) As a regulator of hemostasis, antithrombin III (AT III) may increase bleeding risk in patients receiving low molecular weight heparins (LMWHs) concomitantly. The anticoagulant effect of LMWHs is enhanced by concurrent treatment with AT III in patients with hereditary AT III deficiency. In addition, the half-life of AT III may be altered during concomitant administration with anticoagulants. Thus, in order to avoid bleeding, the LMWH dosage may need to be reduced during treatment with AT III. Coagulation tests (aPTT and anti-Factor Xa, when appropriate) should be performed regularly and especially in the first hours following the start or withdrawal of AT III therapy to ensure appropriate anticoagulation.
Apixaban: (Major) Avoid concomitant use of apixaban with low molecular weight heparins due to the increased risk for bleeding. Short-term overlaps in anticoagulation therapy may be necessary for patients transitioning from one anticoagulant to another. Monitor patients closely and promptly evaluate any signs or symptoms of bleeding if the use of multiple anticoagulants is necessary.
Argatroban: (Major) An additive risk of bleeding may be seen in patients receiving dalteparin in combination with other anticoagulants. If coadministration of 2 or more anticoagulants is necessary, patients should be closely monitored for evidence of bleeding.
Aspirin, ASA; Dipyridamole: (Moderate) Because dipyridamole is a platelet inhibitor, there is a potential additive risk for bleeding if dipyridamole is given in combination with other agents that affect hemostasis.
Betrixaban: (Major) Avoid use of betrixaban with dalteparin due to the increased bleeding risk. Monitor patients closely and promptly evaluate any signs or symptoms of bleeding if betrixaban and other anticoagulants are used concomitantly. Coadministration of betrixaban and other anticoagulants may increase the risk of bleeding. Long-term concomitant treatment with betrixaban and other anticoagulants is not recommended; short-term use may be necessary for patients transitioning to or from betrixaban.
Bivalirudin: (Major) An additive risk of bleeding may be seen in patients receiving dalteparin in combination with other anticoagulants. If coadministration of 2 or more anticoagulants is necessary, patients should be closely monitored for evidence of bleeding.
Bupivacaine; Meloxicam: (Moderate) An additive risk of bleeding may be seen in patients receiving anticoagulants in combination with other agents known to increase the risk of bleeding such as nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Monitor clinical and laboratory response closely during concurrent use.
Caplacizumab: (Major) Avoid concomitant use of caplacizumab and anticoagulants when possible. Assess and monitor closely for bleeding if use together is necessary. Interrupt use of caplacizumab if clinically significant bleeding occurs.
Celecoxib: (Moderate) An additive risk of bleeding may be seen in patients receiving anticoagulants in combination with other agents known to increase the risk of bleeding such as nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Monitor clinical and laboratory response closely during concurrent use.
Celecoxib; Tramadol: (Moderate) An additive risk of bleeding may be seen in patients receiving anticoagulants in combination with other agents known to increase the risk of bleeding such as nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Monitor clinical and laboratory response closely during concurrent use.
Chlorambucil: (Moderate) Due to the thrombocytopenic effects of chlorambucil, an additive risk of bleeding may be seen in patients receiving concomitant anticoagulants.
Chlorpheniramine; Ibuprofen; Pseudoephedrine: (Moderate) An additive risk of bleeding may be seen in patients receiving anticoagulants in combination with other agents known to increase the risk of bleeding such as nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Monitor clinical and laboratory response closely during concurrent use.
Cilostazol: (Moderate) The safety of cilostazol has not been established with concomitant administration of anticoagulants. Because cilostazol is a platelet aggregation inhibitor, concomitant administration with similar acting drugs could theoretically result in an increased risk of bleeding due to additive pharmacodynamic effects, and combinations of these agents should be approached with caution. Patients on anticoagulants should be monitored for changes in response to anticoagulation therapy if cilostazol is administered concurrently.
Clofarabine: (Moderate) Due to the thrombocytopenic effects of clofarabine, an additive risk of bleeding may be seen in patients receiving concomitant anticoagulants.
Clopidogrel: (Moderate) Because clopidogrel inhibits platelet aggregation, a potential additive risk for bleeding exists if clopidogrel is given in combination with other agents that affect hemostasis such as anticoagulants.
Collagenase: (Moderate) Cautious use of injectable collagenase by patients taking anticoagulants is advised. The efficacy and safety of administering injectable collagenase to a patient taking an anticoagulant within 7 days before the injection are unknown. Receipt of injectable collagenase may cause an ecchymosis or bleeding at the injection site.
Cytarabine, ARA-C: (Moderate) Due to the thrombocytopenic effects of pyrimidine analogs, an additive risk of bleeding may be seen in patients receiving concomitant anticoagulants.
Dabigatran: (Major) Avoid use of dabigatran with dalteparin due to the increased bleeding risk. Monitor patients closely and promptly evaluate any signs or symptoms of bleeding if dabigatran and other anticoagulants are used concomitantly. Coadministration of dabigatran and other anticoagulants may increase the risk of bleeding. Long-term concomitant treatment with dabigatran and other anticoagulants is not recommended; short-term use may be necessary for patients transitioning to or from dabigatran.
Danazol: (Major) Danazol can decrease hepatic synthesis of procoagulant factors, increasing the possibility of bleeding when used concurrently with anticoagulants.
Dasatinib: (Moderate) Monitor for evidence of bleeding if coadministration of dasatinib and anticoagulants is necessary. Dasatinib can cause serious and fatal bleeding. Concomitant anticoagulants may increase the risk of hemorrhage.
Deferasirox: (Moderate) Because gastric ulceration and GI bleeding have been reported in patients taking deferasirox, use caution when coadministering with other drugs known to increase the risk of peptic ulcers or gastric hemorrhage including anticoagulants.
Defibrotide: (Contraindicated) Coadministration of defibrotide with antithrombotic agents like anticoagulants is contraindicated. The pharmacodynamic activity and risk of hemorrhage with antithrombotic agents are increased if coadministered with defibrotide. If therapy with defibrotide is necessary, discontinue systemic antithrombotic agents (not including use for routine maintenance or reopening of central venous catheters) prior to initiation of defibrotide therapy. Consider delaying the onset of defibrotide treatment until the effects of the antithrombotic agent have abated.
Desirudin: (Moderate) Any agent which may enhance the risk of hemorrhage should generally be discontinued before initiating desirudin therapy, including anticoagulants. If coadministration cannot be avoided, close clinical and laboratory monitoring should be conducted.
Dextran: (Moderate) Because of the potential effects of certain dextran formulations on bleeding time, use with caution in patients on anticoagulants concurrently.
Diclofenac: (Moderate) An additive risk of bleeding may be seen in patients receiving anticoagulants in combination with other agents known to increase the risk of bleeding such as nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Monitor clinical and laboratory response closely during concurrent use.
Diclofenac; Misoprostol: (Moderate) An additive risk of bleeding may be seen in patients receiving anticoagulants in combination with other agents known to increase the risk of bleeding such as nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Monitor clinical and laboratory response closely during concurrent use.
Diflunisal: (Moderate) An additive risk of bleeding may be seen in patients receiving anticoagulants in combination with other agents known to increase the risk of bleeding such as nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Monitor clinical and laboratory response closely during concurrent use.
Diphenhydramine; Ibuprofen: (Moderate) An additive risk of bleeding may be seen in patients receiving anticoagulants in combination with other agents known to increase the risk of bleeding such as nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Monitor clinical and laboratory response closely during concurrent use.
Diphenhydramine; Naproxen: (Moderate) An additive risk of bleeding may be seen in patients receiving anticoagulants in combination with other agents known to increase the risk of bleeding such as nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Monitor clinical and laboratory response closely during concurrent use.
Dipyridamole: (Moderate) Because dipyridamole is a platelet inhibitor, there is a potential additive risk for bleeding if dipyridamole is given in combination with other agents that affect hemostasis.
Edoxaban: (Major) Avoid concurrent use of edoxaban with low molecular weight heparins due to the increased bleeding risk. Monitor patients closely and promptly evaluate any signs or symptoms of bleeding if edoxaban and other anticoagulants are used concomitantly. Coadministration of edoxaban and other anticoagulants may increase the risk of bleeding. Long-term concomitant treatment with edoxaban and other anticoagulants is not recommended; short-term use may be necessary for patients transitioning to or from edoxaban.
Eltrombopag: (Moderate) Use caution when discontinuing eltrombopag in patients receiving anticoagulants (e.g., warfarin, enoxaparin, dabigatran, rivaroxaban). The risk of bleeding and recurrent thrombocytopenia is increased in patients receiving these drugs when eltrombopag is discontinued.
Enoxaparin: (Major) An additive risk of bleeding may be seen in patients receiving other anticoagulants in combination with enoxaparin. Monitor clinical and laboratory response closely when enoxaparin is coadministered with drugs known to increase the risk of bleeding.
Epoprostenol: (Moderate) When used concurrently with anticoagulants, epoprostenol may increase the risk of bleeding.
Eptifibatide: (Moderate) Concomitant use of eptifibatide and other agents that may affect hemostasis, such as anticoagulants, may be associated with an increased risk of bleeding.
Esterified Estrogens; Methyltestosterone: (Moderate) Methyltestosterone can increase the effects of anticoagulants through reduction of procoagulant factor. Patients receiving oral anticoagulant therapy should be closely monitored, especially when methyltestosterone treatment is initiated or discontinued.
Etodolac: (Moderate) An additive risk of bleeding may be seen in patients receiving anticoagulants in combination with other agents known to increase the risk of bleeding such as nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Monitor clinical and laboratory response closely during concurrent use.
Fenoprofen: (Moderate) An additive risk of bleeding may be seen in patients receiving anticoagulants in combination with other agents known to increase the risk of bleeding such as nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Monitor clinical and laboratory response closely during concurrent use.
Fish Oil, Omega-3 Fatty Acids (Dietary Supplements): (Moderate) Drug interactions with fish oil, omega-3 fatty acids (Dietary Supplements) or fish oil, omega-3 fatty acids (FDA-approved) are unclear at this time. However, because fish oil, omega-3 fatty acids inhibit platelet aggregation, caution is advised when fish oils are used concurrently with anticoagulants, platelet inhibitors, or thrombolytic agents. Theoretically, the risk of bleeding may be increased, but some studies that combined these agents did not produce clinically significant bleeding events. In one placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blinded, parallel study, patients receiving stable, chronic warfarin therapy were administered various doses of fish oil supplements to determine the effect on INR determinations. Patients were randomized to receive a 4-week treatment period of either placebo or 3 or 6 grams of fish oil daily. Patients were followed on a twice-weekly basis for INR determinations and adverse reactions. There was no statistically significant difference in INRs between the placebo or treatment period within each group. There was also no difference in INRs found between groups. One episode of ecchymosis was reported, but no major bleeding episodes occurred. The authors concluded that fish oil supplementation in doses of 3-6 grams per day does not have a statistically significant effect on the INR of patients receiving chronic warfarin therapy. However, an increase in INR from 2.8 to 4.3 in a patient stable on warfarin therapy has been reported when increasing the dose of fish oil, omega-3 fatty acids from 1 gram/day to 2 grams/day. The INR decreased once the patient decreased her dose of fish oil to 1 gram/day. This implies that a dose-related effect of fish oil on warfarin may be possible. Patients receiving warfarin that initiate concomitant fish oil therapy should have their INR monitored more closely and the dose of warfarin adjusted accordingly.
Flurbiprofen: (Moderate) An additive risk of bleeding may be seen in patients receiving anticoagulants in combination with other agents known to increase the risk of bleeding such as nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Monitor clinical and laboratory response closely during concurrent use.
Fondaparinux: (Major) Discontinue dalteparin before starting fondaparinux due to the increased bleeding risk, unless these agents are essential. If coadministration is necessary, monitor patients closely and promptly evaluate any signs or symptoms of bleeding.
Garlic, Allium sativum: (Moderate) Garlic produces clinically significant antiplatelet effects so additive risk of bleeding may occur if anticoagulants are given in combination. Avoid concurrent use of herbs which interact with anticoagulants when possible. If garlic dietary supplements are taken, monitor the INR or other appropriate parameters to attain clinical and anticoagulant endpoints. In regard to warfarin, published data are limited to a random case report; however, the product labeling for warfarin includes garlic as having potential for interaction due to additive pharmacologic activity. A case of spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma, attributed to dysfunctional platelets from excessive garlic use in a patient not receiving concomitant anticoagulation, has been reported.
Ginger, Zingiber officinale: (Moderate) Additive bleeding may occur if anticoagulants are given in combination with ginger, zingiber officinale. Ginger inhibits thromboxane synthetase (platelet aggregation inducer) and is a prostacyclin agonist. Patients taking ginger and an anticoagulant should be monitored closely for bleeding.
Ginkgo, Ginkgo biloba: (Moderate) Monitor for signs or symptoms of bleeding with coadministration of ginkgo biloba and low molecular weight heparins as an increased bleeding risk may occur. Although data are mixed, ginkgo biloba is reported to inhibit platelet aggregation and several case reports describe bleeding complications with ginkgo biloba, with or without concomitant drug therapy.
Green Tea: (Moderate) Green tea has demonstrated antiplatelet and fibrinolytic actions in animals. It is possible that the use of green tea may increase the risk of bleeding if co-administered with anticoagulants (e.g., enoxaparin, heparin, warfarin, and others) thrombolytic agents, or platelet inhibitors (e.g., aspirin, clopidogrel, cilostazol and others). Caution and careful monitoring of clinical and/or laboratory parameters are warranted if green tea is coadministered with any of these agents. Exogenous administration or occult sources of vitamin K may decrease or reverse the activity of warfarin; stability of the diet can be an important factor in maintaining anticoagulation goals. Occult sources of vitamin K include green tea and green tea dietary supplements. Published data are limited in regard to this interaction. A patient with previous INRs of 3.2. and 3.79 on a dose of 7.5mg daily of warfarin (goal INR 2.5 to 3.5) had an INR of 1.37. One month later, the patient's INR was 1.14. The patient admitted that he had started consuming 0.51 gallon of green tea daily approximately one week prior to the INR of 1.37. The patient denied noncompliance and other changes in diet, medications, or health. The patient discontinued green tea and one week later his INR was 2.55. While the amount of vitamin K in a single cup of brewed green tea may not be high (0.03 mcg/100 g), the actual amount may vary from cup to cup depending on the amount of tea leaves used, the length of time the tea bags are allowed to brew, and the volume of tea consumed. Additionally, if a patient drinks multiple cups of tea per day, the amount of vitamin K could reach significance. It is recommended that patients on warfarin maintain a stable intake of green tea.
Hemin: (Major) Because hemin has exhibited transient, mild anticoagulant effects during clinical studies, concurrent use of anticoagulants should be avoided. The extent and duration of the hypocoagulable state induced by hemin has not been established.
Heparin: (Major) An additive risk of bleeding may be seen in patients receiving other anticoagulants (e.g., heparin) in combination with dalteparin.
Hydrocodone; Ibuprofen: (Moderate) An additive risk of bleeding may be seen in patients receiving anticoagulants in combination with other agents known to increase the risk of bleeding such as nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Monitor clinical and laboratory response closely during concurrent use.
Ibritumomab Tiuxetan: (Major) During and after therapy, avoid the concomitant use of Yttrium (Y)-90 ibrutumomab tiuxetan with drugs that interfere with coagulation such as anticoagulants; the risk of bleeding may be increased. If coadministration with anticoagulants is necessary, monitor platelet counts more frequently for evidence of thrombocytopenia.
Ibrutinib: (Moderate) The concomitant use of ibrutinib and anticoagulant agents such as dalteparin may increase the risk of bleeding; monitor patients for signs of bleeding. Severe bleeding events have occurred with ibrutinib therapy including intracranial hemorrhage, GI bleeding, hematuria, and post procedural hemorrhage; some events were fatal. The mechanism for bleeding with ibrutinib therapy is not well understood.
Ibuprofen: (Moderate) An additive risk of bleeding may be seen in patients receiving anticoagulants in combination with other agents known to increase the risk of bleeding such as nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Monitor clinical and laboratory response closely during concurrent use.
Ibuprofen; Famotidine: (Moderate) An additive risk of bleeding may be seen in patients receiving anticoagulants in combination with other agents known to increase the risk of bleeding such as nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Monitor clinical and laboratory response closely during concurrent use.
Ibuprofen; Oxycodone: (Moderate) An additive risk of bleeding may be seen in patients receiving anticoagulants in combination with other agents known to increase the risk of bleeding such as nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Monitor clinical and laboratory response closely during concurrent use.
Ibuprofen; Pseudoephedrine: (Moderate) An additive risk of bleeding may be seen in patients receiving anticoagulants in combination with other agents known to increase the risk of bleeding such as nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Monitor clinical and laboratory response closely during concurrent use.
Icosapent ethyl: (Moderate) Icosapent ethyl is an ethyl ester of the omega-3 fatty acid eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). Because omega-3 fatty acids inhibit platelet aggregation, caution is advised when icosapent ethyl is used concurrently with anticoagulants, platelet inhibitors, or thrombolytic agents. Theoretically, the risk of bleeding may be increased, but some studies that combined these agents did not produce clinically significant bleeding events. In one placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blinded, parallel study, patients receiving stable, chronic warfarin therapy were administered various doses of fish oil supplements to determine the effect on INR determinations. Patients were randomized to receive a 4-week treatment period of either placebo or 3 or 6 grams of fish oil daily. Patients were followed on a twice-weekly basis for INR determinations and adverse reactions. There was no statistically significant difference in INRs between the placebo or treatment period within each group. There was also no difference in INRs found between groups. One episode of ecchymosis was reported, but no major bleeding episodes occurred. The authors concluded that fish oil supplementation in doses of 36 grams per day does not have a statistically significant effect on the INR of patients receiving chronic warfarin therapy. However, an increase in INR from 2.8 to 4.3 in a patient stable on warfarin therapy has been reported when increasing the dose of fish oil, omega-3 fatty acids from 1 gram/day to 2 grams/day. The INR decreased once the patient decreased her dose of fish oil to 1 gram/day. This implies that a dose-related effect of fish oil on warfarin may be possible. Patients receiving warfarin that initiate concomitant icosapent ethyl therapy should have their INR monitored more closely and the dose of warfarin adjusted accordingly.
Iloprost: (Moderate) When used concurrently with anticoagulants, inhaled iloprost may increase the risk of bleeding.
Indomethacin: (Moderate) An additive risk of bleeding may be seen in patients receiving anticoagulants in combination with other agents known to increase the risk of bleeding such as nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Monitor clinical and laboratory response closely during concurrent use.
Inotersen: (Moderate) Use caution with concomitant use of inotersen and anticoagulants due to the potential risk of bleeding from thrombocytopenia. Consider discontinuation of anticoagulants in a patient taking inotersen with a platelet count of less than 50,000 per microliter.
Intravenous Lipid Emulsions: (Moderate) Drug interactions with fish oil, omega-3 fatty acids (Dietary Supplements) or fish oil, omega-3 fatty acids (FDA-approved) are unclear at this time. However, because fish oil, omega-3 fatty acids inhibit platelet aggregation, caution is advised when fish oils are used concurrently with anticoagulants, platelet inhibitors, or thrombolytic agents. Theoretically, the risk of bleeding may be increased, but some studies that combined these agents did not produce clinically significant bleeding events. In one placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blinded, parallel study, patients receiving stable, chronic warfarin therapy were administered various doses of fish oil supplements to determine the effect on INR determinations. Patients were randomized to receive a 4-week treatment period of either placebo or 3 or 6 grams of fish oil daily. Patients were followed on a twice-weekly basis for INR determinations and adverse reactions. There was no statistically significant difference in INRs between the placebo or treatment period within each group. There was also no difference in INRs found between groups. One episode of ecchymosis was reported, but no major bleeding episodes occurred. The authors concluded that fish oil supplementation in doses of 3-6 grams per day does not have a statistically significant effect on the INR of patients receiving chronic warfarin therapy. However, an increase in INR from 2.8 to 4.3 in a patient stable on warfarin therapy has been reported when increasing the dose of fish oil, omega-3 fatty acids from 1 gram/day to 2 grams/day. The INR decreased once the patient decreased her dose of fish oil to 1 gram/day. This implies that a dose-related effect of fish oil on warfarin may be possible. Patients receiving warfarin that initiate concomitant fish oil therapy should have their INR monitored more closely and the dose of warfarin adjusted accordingly.
Ketoprofen: (Moderate) An additive risk of bleeding may be seen in patients receiving anticoagulants in combination with other agents known to increase the risk of bleeding such as nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Monitor clinical and laboratory response closely during concurrent use.
Ketorolac: (Moderate) An additive risk of bleeding may be seen in patients receiving anticoagulants in combination with other agents known to increase the risk of bleeding such as nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Monitor clinical and laboratory response closely during concurrent use.
Lansoprazole; Naproxen: (Moderate) An additive risk of bleeding may be seen in patients receiving anticoagulants in combination with other agents known to increase the risk of bleeding such as nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Monitor clinical and laboratory response closely during concurrent use.
Lepirudin: (Major) An additive risk of bleeding may be seen in patients receiving dalteparin in combination with other anticoagulants. If coadministration of 2 or more anticoagulants is necessary, patients should be closely monitored for evidence of bleeding.
Lomustine, CCNU: (Moderate) Due to the bone marrow suppressive and thrombocytopenic effects of lomustine, an additive risk of bleeding may be seen in patients receiving concomitant anticoagulants.
Meclofenamate Sodium: (Moderate) An additive risk of bleeding may be seen in patients receiving anticoagulants in combination with other agents known to increase the risk of bleeding such as nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Monitor clinical and laboratory response closely during concurrent use.
Mefenamic Acid: (Moderate) An additive risk of bleeding may be seen in patients receiving anticoagulants in combination with other agents known to increase the risk of bleeding such as nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Monitor clinical and laboratory response closely during concurrent use.
Meloxicam: (Moderate) An additive risk of bleeding may be seen in patients receiving anticoagulants in combination with other agents known to increase the risk of bleeding such as nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Monitor clinical and laboratory response closely during concurrent use.
Methoxsalen: (Minor) Agents, such as anticoagulants, that decrease clotting could decrease the efficacy of photosensitizing agents used in photodynamic therapy.
Methylsulfonylmethane, MSM: (Moderate) Increased effects from concomitant anticoagulant drugs such as increased bruising or blood in the stool have been reported in patients taking methylsulfonylmethane, MSM. Although these effects have not been confirmed in published medical literature or during clinical studies, clinicians should consider using methylsulfonylmethane, MSM with caution in patients who are taking anticoagulants such as warfarin until data confirming the safety of MSM in patients taking these drugs are available. During one of the available, published clinical trials in patients with osteoarthritis, those patients with bleeding disorders or using anticoagulants or antiplatelets were excluded from enrollment. Patients who choose to consume methylsulfonylmethane, MSM while receiving warfarin should be observed for increased bleeding.
Methyltestosterone: (Moderate) Methyltestosterone can increase the effects of anticoagulants through reduction of procoagulant factor. Patients receiving oral anticoagulant therapy should be closely monitored, especially when methyltestosterone treatment is initiated or discontinued.
Mifepristone: (Contraindicated) When mifepristone is used for the termination of pregnancy, concurrent use of anticoagulants is contraindicated due to the risk of serious bleeding.
Miltefosine: (Moderate) Caution is advised when administering miltefosine with anticoagulants, as use of these drugs together may increase risk for bleeding. Miltefosine, when administered for the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis, has been associated with thrombocytopenia; monitor platelet counts in patients receiving treatment for this indication. In addition, monitor closely for increased bleeding if use in combination with an anticoagulant.
Mycophenolate: (Moderate) Mycophenolate may causes thrombocytopenia and increase the risk for bleeding. Agents which may lead to an increased incidence of bleeding in patients with thrombocytopenia include anticoagulants.
Nabumetone: (Moderate) An additive risk of bleeding may be seen in patients receiving anticoagulants in combination with other agents known to increase the risk of bleeding such as nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Monitor clinical and laboratory response closely during concurrent use.
Nandrolone Decanoate: (Moderate) Androgens can enhance the effects of anticoagulants. Dosage of the anticoagulant may have to be decreased in order to maintain prothrombin time at the desired therapeutic level. When anabolic steroid or androgen therapy is started or stopped in patients on anticoagulant therapy, close monitoring is required. Additionally, nandrolone decanoate may generate a pharmacodynamic interaction with warfarin by independently affecting the activity of circulating coagulation proteins. Androgens reduce the amount or activity of circulating coagulant proteins thereby enhancing the anticoagulant effect of warfarin.
Naproxen: (Moderate) An additive risk of bleeding may be seen in patients receiving anticoagulants in combination with other agents known to increase the risk of bleeding such as nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Monitor clinical and laboratory response closely during concurrent use.
Naproxen; Esomeprazole: (Moderate) An additive risk of bleeding may be seen in patients receiving anticoagulants in combination with other agents known to increase the risk of bleeding such as nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Monitor clinical and laboratory response closely during concurrent use.
Naproxen; Pseudoephedrine: (Moderate) An additive risk of bleeding may be seen in patients receiving anticoagulants in combination with other agents known to increase the risk of bleeding such as nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Monitor clinical and laboratory response closely during concurrent use.
Nelarabine: (Moderate) Due to the thrombocytopenic effects of nelarabine, an additive risk of bleeding may be seen in patients receiving concomitant anticoagulants.
Nintedanib: (Moderate) Nintedanib is a VEGFR inhibitor and may increase the risk of bleeding. Monitor patients who are taking anticoagulants closely and adjust anticoagulation therapy as necessary. Use nintedanib in patients with known risk of bleeding only if the anticipated benefit outweighs the potential risk.
Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs: (Moderate) An additive risk of bleeding may be seen in patients receiving anticoagulants in combination with other agents known to increase the risk of bleeding such as nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Monitor clinical and laboratory response closely during concurrent use.
Obinutuzumab: (Moderate) Fatal hemorrhagic events have been reported in patients treated with obinutuzumab; all events occured during cycle 1. Monitor all patients for thrombocytopenia and bleeding, and consider withholding concomitant medications which may increase bleeding risk (i.e., anticoagulants, platelet inhibitors), especially during the first cycle.
Omacetaxine: (Major) Avoid the concomitant use of omacetaxine and anticoagulants when the platelet count is less than 50,000 cells/microliter due to an increased risk of bleeding.
Orlistat: (Moderate) Patients on chronic stable doses of anticoagulants, like dalteparin, should be monitored closely for changes in coagulation parameters when orlistat is prescribed. Reports of decreased prothrombin, increased INR, and unbalanced anticoagulant treatment resulting in change of hemostatic parameters have been reported in patients treated concomitantly with orlistat and anticoagulants.
Oxandrolone: (Moderate) An increased effect of anticoagulants may occur with oxandrolone; the anticoagulant dosage may need adjustment downward with oxandrolone initiation or adjustment upward with oxandrolone discontinuation to maintain the desired clinical effect. Oxandrolone suppresses clotting factors II, V, VII, and X, which results in an increased prothrombin time. An increase in plasminogen-activator activity, and serum concentrations of plasminogen, protein C, and antithrombin III have occurred with several 17-alpha-alkylated androgens. For example, concurrent use of oxandrolone and warfarin may result in unexpectedly large increases in the INR or prothrombin time (PT). A multidose study of oxandrolone (5 or 10 mg PO twice daily) in 15 healthy individuals concurrently treated with warfarin resulted in significant increases in warfarin half-life and AUC; a 5.5-fold decrease in the mean warfarin dosage from 6.13 mg/day to 1.13 mg/day (approximately 80 to 85% dose reduction) was necessary to maintain a target INR of 1.5. According to the manufacturer, if oxandrolone therapy is initiated in a patient already receiving warfarin, the dose of warfarin may need to be decreased significantly to reduce the potential for excessive INR elevations and associated risk of serious bleeding events. The patient should be closely monitored with frequent evaluation of the INR and clinical parameter, and the dosage of warfarin should be adjusted as necessary until a stable target INR is achieved. Careful monitoring of the INR and necessary adjustment of the warfarin dosage are also recommended when the androgen therapy is changed or discontinued.
Oxaprozin: (Moderate) An additive risk of bleeding may be seen in patients receiving anticoagulants in combination with other agents known to increase the risk of bleeding such as nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Monitor clinical and laboratory response closely during concurrent use.
Palifermin: (Moderate) The co-administration of palifermin and unfractionated heparin may result in a 4 to 5-fold increase in palifermin exposure; however, this interaction does not appear to affect the pharmacodynamics of either drug. If heparin is used to maintain an IV line, rinse the line with saline prior to and after palifermin administration. The palifermin AUC value was increased by 5-fold and the mean clearance was decreased by 80% after a single 60 mcg/kg dose of palifermin was administered with therapeutic levels of unfractionated heparin compared with no heparin in 27 healthy subjects. The activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) was not affected by this interaction. The palifermin AUC value was increased by 425% and the palifermin clearance, volume of distribution, and half-life was decreased by 76.5%, 73.1%, and 38.8%, respectively, following the administration of palifermin 40 mcg/kg/day for 3 days in combination with therapeutic levels of unfractionated heparin compared with no heparin in 31 healthy subjects. Palifermin administration results in a dose-dependent epithelial cell proliferation that may be assessed by Ki67 immunohistochemical staining. In this study, the pharmacokinetics of palifermin did not affect Ki67 expression in buccal biopsies. The co-administration of palifermin and low-molecular weight heparins (LMWHs), such as enoxaparin and dalteparin, is expected to have a similar interaction.
Pentosan: (Major) Pentosan is a weak anticoagulant. Pentosan has 1/15 the anticoagulant activity of heparin. An additive risk of bleeding may be seen in patients receiving other anticoagulants in combination with pentosan.
Piperacillin; Tazobactam: (Moderate) Some penicillins (e.g., piperacillin) can inhibit platelet aggregation, which may increase the risk of bleeding with any anticoagulants. Clinically important bleeding of this type, however, is relatively rare. The concomitant use of warfarin with many classes of antibiotics, including penicillins, may result in an increased INR thereby potentiating the risk for bleeding. Inhibition of vitamin K synthesis due to alterations in the intestinal flora may be a mechanism; however, concurrent infection is also a potential risk factor for elevated INR. Monitor patients for signs and symptoms of bleeding. Additionally, increased monitoring of the INR, especially during initiation and upon discontinuation of the antibiotic, may be necessary in patients receiving warfarin.
Piroxicam: (Moderate) An additive risk of bleeding may be seen in patients receiving anticoagulants in combination with other agents known to increase the risk of bleeding such as nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Monitor clinical and laboratory response closely during concurrent use.
Prasterone, Dehydroepiandrosterone, DHEA (Dietary Supplements): (Major) Prasterone (DHEA) is contraindicated for use in patients with active deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism or history of these conditions. Prasterone is also contraindicated in patients with active arterial thromboembolic disease (for example, stroke and myocardial infarction), or a history of these conditions. Thus, patients receiving anticoagulation due to a history of these conditions are not candidates for prasterone treatment. DHEA is converted to androgens and estrogens within the human body and thus may affect hemostasis via androgenic or estrogenic effects. Estrogens increase the production of clotting factors VII, VIII, IX, and X. Androgens, such as testosterone, increase the synthesis of several anticoagulant and fibrinolytic proteins. Because of the potential effects on coagulation, patients receiving prasterone or DHEA concurrently with preventative anticoagulants (e.g., warfarin or heparin) or other platelet inhibitors, including aspirin, ASA should be monitored for side effects or the need for dosage adjustments.
Prasterone, Dehydroepiandrosterone, DHEA (FDA-approved): (Major) Prasterone (DHEA) is contraindicated for use in patients with active deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism or history of these conditions. Prasterone is also contraindicated in patients with active arterial thromboembolic disease (for example, stroke and myocardial infarction), or a history of these conditions. Thus, patients receiving anticoagulation due to a history of these conditions are not candidates for prasterone treatment. DHEA is converted to androgens and estrogens within the human body and thus may affect hemostasis via androgenic or estrogenic effects. Estrogens increase the production of clotting factors VII, VIII, IX, and X. Androgens, such as testosterone, increase the synthesis of several anticoagulant and fibrinolytic proteins. Because of the potential effects on coagulation, patients receiving prasterone or DHEA concurrently with preventative anticoagulants (e.g., warfarin or heparin) or other platelet inhibitors, including aspirin, ASA should be monitored for side effects or the need for dosage adjustments.
Prasugrel: (Moderate) Based on the mechanism of actions of prasugrel and unfractionated heparin or low-molecular weight heparins (LMWHs), patients receiving these medications in combination may be at increased risk of bleeding. The concurrent use of prasugrel and a single 100 unit/kg intravenous dose of heparin did not disrupt coagulation or the inhibition of platelet aggregation; however, the bleeding time increased compared with monotherapy of either medication. Use caution when administering prasugrel with medications that may increase the risk of bleeding, such as unfractionated heparin or LMWH.
Reteplase, r-PA: (Moderate) An additive risk of bleeding may be seen in patients receiving dalteparin in combination with other agents known to increase the risk of bleeding such thrombolytic agents. Monitor clinical and laboratory response closely during concurrent use.
Rivaroxaban: (Major) Due to the increased bleeding risk, avoid concurrent use of rivaroxaban with dalteparin; the safety of concomitant use has not been studied. If dalteparin is used during therapeutic transition periods, closely observe patients and promptly evaluate any signs or symptoms of blood loss.
Salicylates: (Moderate) An additive risk of bleeding may be seen in patients receiving a low molecular weight heparin in combination with other agents known to increase the risk of bleeding such as salicylates. Monitor clinical and laboratory response closely during concurrent use.
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: (Moderate) Monitor for signs and symptoms of bleeding during concomitant low molecular weight heparin and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) use due to increased risk for bleeding. Serotonin release by platelets plays an important role in hemostasis. Epidemiological studies have demonstrated an association between use of psychotropic drugs that interfere with serotonin reuptake and the occurrence of upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Altered anticoagulant effects, including increased bleeding, have been reported when SSRIs are coadministered with another anticoagulant.
Serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors: (Moderate) Advise patients of the increased bleeding risk associated with the concomitant use of serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) and anticoagulants like dalteparin. Case reports and epidemiological studies have demonstrated an association between use of drugs that interfere with serotonin reuptake and gastrointestinal bleeding.
Sodium Iodide: (Moderate) Anticoagulants may alter sodium iodide I-131 pharmacokinetics and dynamics for up to 1 week after administrations.
Spironolactone: (Moderate) Monitor serum potassium during concomitant low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) and spironolactone use due to the risk for hyperkalemia. Cases of hyperkalemia have been reported with coadministration of LMWH and spironolactone.
Spironolactone; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Moderate) Monitor serum potassium during concomitant low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) and spironolactone use due to the risk for hyperkalemia. Cases of hyperkalemia have been reported with coadministration of LMWH and spironolactone.
Sulfinpyrazone: (Major) Sulfinpyrazone should be avoided when possible with concurrent anticoagulants, thrombin inhibitors, and thrombolytic agents due to potential for increased bleeding risk. Alternative uricosuric agents may be considered. Sulfinpyrazone is a platelet inhibitor and exhibits antithrombotic actions in addition to its uricosuric effects. Additive hematological effects are possible as a result of the platelet inhibitory effects of sulfinpyrazone; the sulfide metabolite of sulfinpyrazone appears responsible for this effect. Sulfinpyrazone is also known to markedly potentiate the effect of warfarin. Sulfinpyrazone may inhibit CYP2C9, leading to a decrease in the clearance of S-warfarin. If concurrent therapy is warranted, significant initial dosage reductions (e.g., 50%) of warfarin may be necessary, with further dosage adjusted based on INR values. The INR should be closely monitored during concurrent therapy with warfarin, particularly during the initiation or termination phases of sulfinpyrazone treatment.
Sulindac: (Moderate) An additive risk of bleeding may be seen in patients receiving anticoagulants in combination with other agents known to increase the risk of bleeding such as nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Monitor clinical and laboratory response closely during concurrent use.
Sumatriptan; Naproxen: (Moderate) An additive risk of bleeding may be seen in patients receiving anticoagulants in combination with other agents known to increase the risk of bleeding such as nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Monitor clinical and laboratory response closely during concurrent use.
Telavancin: (Moderate) Telavancin has no effect on coagulation or platelet aggregation; however, caution is advised when administering telavancin concurrently with anticoagulants as telavancin may interfere with laboratory tests used in monitoring these medications. The coagulation tests affected by telavancin include prothrombin time (PT), international normalized ratio (INR), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), activated clotting time, and coagulation based factor Xa tests. When measured shortly after completion of a telavancin infusion, the results of these tests are increased; however, the effects of telavancin on these tests dissipate over time as plasma concentrations of telavancin decrease. Therefore, when administering telavancin in conjunction with anticoagulants ensure that blood samples for these coagulation tests are collected as close as possible to the patient's next telavancin dose.
Tenecteplase: (Moderate) An additive risk of bleeding may be seen in patients receiving dalteparin in combination with other agents known to increase the risk of bleeding such thrombolytic agents. Monitor clinical and laboratory response closely during concurrent use.
Thrombolytic Agents: (Moderate) An additive risk of bleeding may be seen in patients receiving dalteparin in combination with other agents known to increase the risk of bleeding such thrombolytic agents. Monitor clinical and laboratory response closely during concurrent use.
Ticagrelor: (Moderate) Because ticagrelor inhibits platelet aggregation, a potential additive pharmacodynamic effect for bleeding exists if ticagrelor is given in combination with other agents that affect hemostasis such as warfarin, heparin, or low-molecular weight heparins (LMWHs). No significant pharmacokinetic changes were seen with ticagrelor was coadministered with heparin 100 international units and enoxaparin 1 mg/kg, and the manufacturer states ticagrelor may be administered with unfractionated heparin and low molecular weight heparins.
Ticlopidine: (Moderate) Because ticlopidine inhibits platelet aggregation, a potential additive risk for bleeding exists if ticlopidine is given in combination with other agents that affect hemostasis such as anticoagulants. Per the manufacturer of ticlopidine, if a patient is switched from an anticoagulant or a thrombolytic agent to ticlopidine, the former drug should be discontinued prior to the administration of ticlopidine.
Tipranavir: (Moderate) Caution should be used when administering tipranavir to patients receiving anticoagulants. In clinical trials, there have been reports of intracranial bleeding, including fatalities, in HIV infected patients receiving tipranavir as part of combination antiretroviral therapy. In many of these reports, the patients had other medical conditions (CNS lesions, head trauma, recent neurosurgery, coagulopathy, hypertension, or alcoholism/alcohol abuse) or were receiving concomitant medications, including anticoagulants, that may have caused or contributed to these events.
Tirofiban: (Moderate) Concomitant use of tirofiban and other agents that effect hemostasis, such as anticoagulants, may be associated with an increased risk of bleeding.
Tolmetin: (Moderate) An additive risk of bleeding may be seen in patients receiving anticoagulants in combination with other agents known to increase the risk of bleeding such as nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Monitor clinical and laboratory response closely during concurrent use.
Trazodone: (Moderate) Patients should be instructed to monitor for signs and symptoms of bleeding while taking trazodone concurrently with anticoagulants and to promptly report any bleeding events to the practitioner. Serotonergic agents may increase the risk of bleeding when combined with anticoagulants via inhibition of serotonin uptake by platelets; however, the absolute risk is not known. It would be prudent for clinicians to monitor the INR and patient's clinical status closely if trazodone is added to or removed from the regimen of a patient stabilized on anticoagulant therapy.
Treprostinil: (Moderate) When used concurrently with anticoagulants, treprostinil may increase the risk of bleeding.
Valdecoxib: (Moderate) An additive risk of bleeding may be seen in patients receiving anticoagulants in combination with other agents known to increase the risk of bleeding such as nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Monitor clinical and laboratory response closely during concurrent use.
Verteporfin: (Moderate) Use caution if coadministration of verteporfin with anticoagulants is necessary due to the risk of decreased verteporfin efficacy. Verteporfin is a light-activated drug. Once activated, local damage to neovascular endothelium results in a release of procoagulant and vasoactive factors resulting in platelet aggregation, fibrin clot formation, and vasoconstriction. Concomitant use of drugs that decrease clotting could decrease the efficacy of verteporfin therapy.
Vilazodone: (Moderate) Patients should be instructed to monitor for signs and symptoms of bleeding while taking vilazodone concurrently with anticoagulants and to promptly report any bleeding events to the practitioner. Serotonergic agents may increase the risk of bleeding when combined with anticoagulants via inhibition of serotonin uptake by platelets; however, the absolute risk is not known. In addition, both vilazodone and warfarin are highly protein bound, which may result in displacement of warfarin from protein binding sites and an increased anticoagulant effect. It would be prudent for clinicians to monitor the INR and clinical status of the patient closely if vilazodone is added to or removed from the regimen of a patient stabilized on warfarin.
Vorapaxar: (Major) Avoid concomitant use of vorapaxar and warfarin or other anticoagulants. Because vorapaxar inhibits platelet aggregation, a potential additive risk for bleeding exists if vorapaxar is given in combination with other agents that affect hemostasis such as anticoagulants.
Vortioxetine: (Moderate) Platelet aggregation may be impaired by vortioxetine due to platelet serotonin depletion, possibly increasing the risk of a bleeding complication (e.g., gastrointestinal bleeding, ecchymoses, epistaxis, hematomas, petechiae, hemorrhage) in patients receiving anticoagulants. Bleeding events related to drugs that inhibit serotonin reuptake have ranged from ecchymosis to life-threatening hemorrhages. Patients should be instructed to monitor for signs and symptoms of bleeding while taking vortioxetine concurrently with anticoagulants and to promptly report any bleeding events to the practitioner. Co-administration of vortioxetine and warfarin has not been shown to significantly affect the pharmacokinetics of either agent.
Warfarin: (Major) An additive risk of bleeding may be seen in patients receiving other anticoagulants (e.g., heparin, warfarin) in combination with dalteparin.

PREGNANCY AND LACTATION

Use dalteparin during pregnancy only if clearly needed. If anticoagulation is needed during pregnancy, use preservative-free formulations; the multidose vial of dalteparin contains benzyl alcohol. Data from published literature and postmarketing reports have not reported a clear association between dalteparin and adverse developmental outcomes. In animal reproduction studies, there was no evidence of teratogenicity or embryo-fetal toxicity when dalteparin was administered at doses 2 to 4 times the human dose of 100 International Units/kg based on body surface area. Women with a history of venous thromboembolism in pregnancy are at a higher risk for recurrence during subsequent pregnancies than those with no risk factors. Low molecular heparin (LMWH) requirements may change as pregnancy progresses due to LMWH volume of distribution alterations and glomerular filtration rate increases in the second trimester.

Limited data indicate dalteparin is present in human milk. Small amounts of anti-Xa activity in breast milk were detected in 11 of 15 lactating women receiving prophylactic doses of dalteparin immediately postpartum. This study evaluated colostrum or transitional milk from a single time point during the 24-hour dosing interval; therefore, the clinical relevance of this data is unclear in regards to passage of dalteparin into mature milk and the quantification of drug exposure to the infant over the full dosing period. No adverse effects on breast-fed infants have been reported. There are no data on the effects of dalteparin on milk production. Oral absorption of dalteparin is expected to be low; however, the clinical implications of this small amount of anticoagulant activity on breast-fed infants are not known. Consider the developmental and health benefits of breast-feeding along with the mother's clinical need for dalteparin and any adverse effects on the breast-fed infant from dalteparin or the underlying maternal condition.

MECHANISM OF ACTION

Dalteparin exerts its antithrombotic activity by binding to and accelerating the activity of antithrombin III (AT III). The interaction with antithrombin is mediated by a unique pentasaccharide sequence distributed along the heparin chains. Only 15% to 25% of the chains of dalteparin contain this pentasaccharide sequence, compared with about one-third of the chains of unfractionated heparin (UFH). By activating antithrombin, coagulation factor Xa and factor IIa (thrombin) are inhibited. Dalteparin and other LMWHs are more selective inhibitors of factor Xa than UFH. Although any pentasaccharide chain can inhibit factor Xa, only those at least 18 saccharide units long can inactivate thrombin, since a long chain is required to form a ternary complex between heparin, antithrombin, and thrombin. Although most of the chains of UFH are at least 18 saccharide units long, less than 50% of those of dalteparin and other LMWHs are of adequate length to bind both antithrombin and thrombin (factor IIa). Therefore, the anti-factor Xa:antifactor IIa inhibitory ratio of dalteparin is 2.7:1, compared to 1:1 for UFH. Ultimately, thrombin inhibition prevents the formation of fibrin clots. At recommended doses, dalteparin does not significantly affect platelet activity, prothrombin time (PT), or activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT).

PHARMACOKINETICS

Dalteparin is administered subcutaneously. Vd for dalteparin anti-Xa activity is 40 to 60 mL/kg. The primary route of elimination for dalteparin appears to be renal and is dose-independent, unlike heparin, which has several saturable mechanisms of elimination. Plasma elimination half-life of dalteparin based on factor Xa activity is approximately 3 to 5 hours.
 
Affected cytochrome P450 isoenzymes and drugs transporters: none